Chapter 4. The Formation of Expectations on Rational and Non-Rational Grounds: At the Intersection of Calculations and Hopes

Abstract: The section identifies three types of expectations based on their foundations: expectation-calculation (extrapolation of experience), expectations-beliefs (axiomatic statements from authorities), and expectations-hopes (desire-based). Empirical data from Ukraine indicates that while hopes are slightly more significant, calculations remain common. The author argues that a focus on calculations is a positive sign for social development but notes that in crisis conditions, these can easily give way to faith or hope. It is proven that the dominant type of expectation is more a product of social conditions than a fixed personal trait.